Thursday, December 26, 2019

Holtons Interpretation Of The FramersDistrust Of Tyranny

Introduction Professor Holton purports in Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution that the Framers’ creation of the Constitution represented a â€Å"slur on the capacity of ordinary citizens† to govern themselves by placing the power of the National Government into the hands of the opulent few (Holton, Unruly Americans, 278). Is Holton’s interpretation of the Framers’ intentions equitable, or has he treated the delegates unfairly in neglecting the democratic elements of the document and the Framers’ distrust of tyranny? Section I argues Holton unfairly characterizes the Framers’ actions as malicious and villainizes them, failing to accept into account different historical perspectives. Section II analyzes democratic elements the†¦show more content†¦He ultimately concedes that â€Å"some of the most avid supporters of the Constitution were not creditors but debtors† (Holton, Unruly Americans, 230). While the debt ors may have been supportive of any proposed plan with tax relief, this support suggests the Framers were willing to provide economic relief indiscriminately, not just to opulent speculators as Holton suggests. Perhaps farmers and debtors were less frustrated with mistreatment by the government as they were disappointed in the economic turmoil caused by speculators under the Articles of Confederation. In mentioning the approval by debtors, Holton undermines his own argument because it is incomprehensible that citizens would support a document that severely reduces their democratic input in society. Professor Holton’s erroneously assumes that the Framers would have made the Constitution considerably less democratic if not for the ratification process. Holton writes that the delegates tempered down the anti-democratic policies â€Å"to make it more palatable to the ratifying conventions† (Holton, Unruly Americans, 196). This is speculative and demonstrative of a bias against the Framers. Article VII states that nine states must ratify the Constitution in order for it to be put into effect as a way to ensure the democratic nature of the ratification. Considering Professor Holton’s cynical nature, he may argue that the delegates utilized unorthodox techniques to ratify the

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

The Usefulness of Sociological Theories in Explaining...

The Usefulness of Sociological Theories in Explaining Crime and the Control of Crime This paper seeks to explore the usefulness of Sociological Theories in explaining crime and whether in doing so there arises implications for probation practice. I shall begin by providing a brief explanation for the historical development of criminological thinking, starting with Classicism and moving onto Positivism both which lay the foundations for the development of sociological theories in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Analysis of the literature has highlighted the vast array of theories to which my attention will be paid. However, due to the limitations of this piece of work and in order to provide an in-depth account†¦show more content†¦Classical thinking viewed individuals as free-willed rational decision-makers whose choice to commit crime was guided by hedonism, in terms of maximum pleasure for minimum pain. The focus of Classicism was on the crime and not the social or physical chrematistics of the offender. It was also based on what Beccaria termed a ’social contract’, a contractual relationship between the individual and the state to which individuals within society were bound. He believed that a social contract drawn up by rational people would create the greatest happiness for the greatest number (Rosher 1989, p5) and would mean that, ‘individuals would be willing to grant Governments the power to punish to the extent that was necessary to protect themselves from the crimes of others’ (Cavadino Dignan 2002, p46). The social contract required individuals to sacrifice a portion of their personal liberty in the interest of common good and the purpose of the law was to ensure that common interest were met. Beccaria proposed that ‘perpetual servitude’ had a greater deterrent effect than capital punishment and would therefore deter individuals from committing crime. Criticisms of this school of thought spurred the emergence of Positivism. In contrast to Classicism, Positivism aims to search for theShow MoreRelatedcrime and deviance4817 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿ SCLY4 Crime and Deviance with Theories Methods Past Papers Use the following past papers to practise your exam writing techniques and aid your revision. Make sure you look at the mark scheme for each question to assess your answer. Also check the ‘model answers’ from students to see where good AO1 and AO2 marks were scored. Crime and Deviance Different theories of crime, deviance, social order and social control. The social distribution of crime and deviance by ageRead MoreSociology A2 Revision 2012 34479 Words   |  18 Pages am Unit 4 exam: Tuesday 19th June, pm Easter Revision: tbc A2 Syllabus: AQA Sociology GCE (new specification) Unit 3: Mass Media (SCLY3) Worth 20% of your final A Level Written paper, 1 hour 30 minutes 60 marks available Unit 4: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (SCLY4) Worth 30% of your final A Level Written paper, 2 hours 90 marks available Timetable Use your revision checklists to draw up a timetable for revision leading up to the exam. Make sure you cover everything, but makeRead MoreThe Theory Of Crime And Criminal Behavior Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagestrue in the area of crime and criminal behavior as well. Criminological theory attempts to describe why and how crime transpires by studying the countless social factors that influence someone to commit crimes. These theories are then supposed to explain both the understandings and roots of crime. Abstract outlooks offer an image of what something is and the best way of addressing that particular subject. In this section of the course we have explored different author’s sociological perspectives in theRead MoreSocial Control And Bond Theory2770 Words   |  12 Pages Social control/bond theory was developed by Travis Hirschi in1969. The social control approach is one of the three major sociological perspectives in understanding crime in our contemporary c riminology. The theory holds that individuals will break the law as a result of the breakdown of the social bonds (Akers Sellers, 2004, p. 16). Control theorists believe that an individual conformity to societal social values and rules produced by socialization and maintained through social tiesRead MoreWhat Is the Labelling Theory? Summarise and Evaluate Its Application to the Analysis of Crime and Criminal Justice.1646 Words   |  7 PagesLabelling theory refers to the ability to attach a label to a person or group of people and in so doing the label becomes more important than the individual. The label becomes the dominant form of identify and takes on ‘Master Status’ (Becker 1963; Lemert 1967) so that the person can no longer be seen other than through the lens of the label. Words, just like labels, are containers of meaning. In this case, the label and the meaning attached to it becomes all that the person is rather than a temporaryRead MoreEssay on Akers Social Learning Theory2230 Words   |  9 PagesHigh crime rates are an ongoing issue through the United States, however the motivation and the cause of crime has yet to be entirely identified. Ronald Akers would say that criminality is a behavior that is learned based on what an individual sees and observes others doing. When an individual commits a crime, he or she is acting on impulse based on actions that they have seen others engage in. Initially during childhood, individuals learn actions and behavior by watching and listening to othersRead MoreSocial Stratification1589 Words   |  7 PagesDISCUSS TO ASSESS THE APPLICABILITY OF THE CONFLICT THEORY IN EXPLAINING STRATIFICATION. ‘Stratification’ is a term used to characterize a structure of inequality where individuals occupy differentiated structural positions and the positions are situated in layers (or strata) that are ranked hierarchically according to broadly recognized standards .( Durlauf 1999) The conflict theory in relation to social stratification argues that stratification,†reflects the distribution of power in societyRead MoreCRJ 110 Final Exam3676 Words   |  15 Pagespolitical, sociological, and psychological. 2. What is the definition of crime that the authors of your textbook have chosen to use? A) Crime is human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws. 3. What is the difference between crime and deviance? A) Crime violates a law and deviance violates social norms. 4. What is the legalistic approach to the study of crime? A) The legalistic approach to crime yieldsRead MoreSociological View on Deviance and Drug Use Essay8777 Words   |  36 Pagesinvolves, at a basic minimum, at least three dimensions. It is apparent that every society defines behaviors that are to be labeled as deviant and restricted as desirable. Deviance may be commonplace and even widespread, so some explanations or theories must be offered for the existence and persistence of such deviant behavior in the face of negative social sanctions. There would be little reason to define, sanction, and explain deviance without also doing something to, for, or with the deviantRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 PagesStudent Study Guide for Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers’ Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Applications Fourth Edition Prepared by Eric See Youngstown State University Roxbury Publishing Company Los Angeles, California 1 Student Study Guide by Eric See for Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application , 4th Edition by Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers Copyright  © 2004 Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, California

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Cheetah Conservation Fund free essay sample

Young females usually occupy the same range as their mother although ALL females are solitary except when they have a litter. Average female home ranges extend to 833 square kilometers (322 square miles). A female raises her cubs alone since adult male and female cheetahs mix only to mate. The average life span of wild radio-collared female cheetahs is 6. 9 years which compares to 11. 7 years for females in captivity. MalesOnly rarely will a male cheetah live alone. Generally 2 or 3 cheetah males, often brothers, will form a coalition. This small group will live and hunt together for life and usually claims a large area or range which may overlap several female territories. The average size of male territories is 37. 4 square kilometers (14. 4 square miles). Young males seek out an area at a great distance from their parent; sometimes as far as 482 kilometers (300 miles). Food Hunting A cheetah is carnivorous and eats a variety of small animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Cheetah Conservation Fund or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While most cats are nocturnal predators, the cheetah is primarily diurnal, hunting in early morning and late afternoon. Since it depends on sight rather than smell, it likes to scan the countryside from a tree limb or the top of a termite mound. Other big cats chase only a few  hundred meters: the cheetah chases 3. 4 miles (5500 meters) at an average speed of 45 miles per hour (72 kilometers per hour). Stalking is as important as the fast sprint: usually it will creep within 50 yards (46 meters) of an intended victim before the final acceleration. Full sprints last about 20 seconds and almost never exceed 1 full minute. If it succeeds in catching an animal the cheetah will suffocate it by clamping the animals windpipe, sometimes holding a clamp as long as 5 minutes. Very small animals like hares are killed by a simple bite through the skull. But whatever the meal large or small    cheetah eats quickly for if challenged it will most often lose. Cheetahs have unusually clean eating habits: they do not return to their kill nor do they eat carrion; they leave the skin, bones and entrails of their prey. At 6 weeks the young are strong enough to follow the hunt and when they are about 6 onths old the mother will capture live prey for them to practice killing. Habitat Not so long ago cheetahs inhabited an area from North Africa to India, but they are now commonly found only in sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara Desert). Their range includes sparse sub-desert, steppe (a treeless plain), medium and long-grass plains. They need an environment with bushes, tall grass and other large plants in order to hide from predators. History The cheetah originated about 4,000,000 years ago, long before the other big cats. The oldest fossils place   it in North America in what is now Texas, Nevada and Wyoming. Cheetahs were common throughout Asia, Africa, Europe and North America until the end of the last Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago, when massive climatic changes caused large numbers of mammals to disappear. About that time all cheetah in North America and Europe and most of those in Asia and Africa vanished. Some experts think our present populations were derived from inbreeding by those very few surviving and closely related animals. This inbreeding bottleneck, as theorized, led to the present state of cheetah genetics: all cheetah alive today appear to be as closely related as identical twins. Preservation Three international agencies set the standards for an extinct or endangered rating. They are the  World Conservation Union (IUCN), the  United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Several organizations are working to save the cheetah. The DeWildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre  staff, located in South Africa and established in 1971, work tirelessly to rebuild populations of many native species one of which is the cheetah. The Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF)  and  The Africat Foundation, both located in Namibia, do research, educate local farmers in management techniques geared toward cheetah/livestock coexistence, and place rescued and rehabilitated animals in new habitats. Since larger predators have been eliminated from Namibian farmland the remaining cheetah and leopard populations find those areas most hospitable. About 95% of Namibian cheetah live on commercial farmland.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Review of Literature on Training and Development free essay sample

Three major approaches to training evaluation: quality ascription, quality assessment and quality control are highlighted. In order to enhance the effectiveness of training, evaluation should be integrated with organizational life. (Phillip C. Wright, 1992): Reports on a study of current and past training literature which suggests that, to be effective and to isolate both training needs and those problems having other, non-trainable solutions, training must be preceded by a needs analysis. Proposes a needs assessment model to illustrate an optimum needs assessment process, and compares this model with the Ontario Governments. Farhad Analoui 1995): Traditionally, the effectiveness of the senior officials within the public sector has been disproportionately associated with task instead of people-related skills. A study of 74 senior managers within Indian Railways, over three years, has revealed that managers, in order to become effective, not only require task and people skills but als o self-development knowledge and skills. Moreover, the above broad categories of managerial skills form a hierarchy which suggests that the more senior positions which managers occupy, the greater the need for people and self-development. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Literature on Training and Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Explores the implications of the above for senior management training and development in public sector briefly. (Joe Perdue, Jack D. Ninemeier, Robert H. Woods, 2002): Describes a study undertaken to assess how private club managers perceive the relative effectiveness of alternative training methods to attain specific types of training objectives. Data were obtained from 123 club managers who were members of the Club Managers Association of America. Participants rated the effectiveness of 16 alternate training methods for potential use in six different types of training situations. Training methods studied included case study, video-tape, lecture, one-to-one, role play, games, computer simulations, paper and pencil, audiotapes, self-assessment, movies/films, multi-media, audio, computer and video conferencing and sensitivity training. Training objectives studied were knowledge acquisition, changing attitudes, problem solving, interpersonal skill development, participant acceptance and knowledge retention. Analysis of data indicated that one-to-one training is the preferred method to attain all objectives except interpersonal skill development. (Diarmuid De Faoite, Colette Henry, 2002): Discusses the importance of proving the effectiveness of training. Effectiveness is the primary motive for training. Describes ways to evaluate training’s effectiveness, behavior changes on the job being the most important. Defines an approach whereby individuals can see how they have changed and quantify the amount of change. (Diarmuid De Faoite, Colette Henry, Kate Johnston, Peter van der Sijde, 2003): A growing body of academic research has examined the effectiveness of entrepreneurship training and support initiatives, with recent studies focusing on the provision of training and other skills development opportunities. An important theme that has emerged from this work is the failure of many programmes and initiatives to take on board the particular needs of the entrepreneurs in developing training and support systems. (Kate Johnston, Peter van der Sijde, 2003): Successfully measuring effectiveness in management training and development can be a difficult task. Design of a valid measurement programmed should include evaluation in key areas; including emotional reaction and knowledge gain measured after training interventions. Behavioral change and organizational impact measurements should be used on a longer time horizon o evaluate the progress and currency of the management development programme. Finally, research shows that maintaining a balance of the above measurements is the final key to success in measuring the effectiveness of management training and development. (Gary D. Geroy, 2004): A common approach towards enhancing managerial effectiveness is to focus attention on improving the knowled ge and skill of the manager, (Ogundeji, 2004) the gap between evaluation theory and practice is a serious problem for training in industry and business[1]. A recent literature review of the summative evaluation on training noted: (Clinton O. Longenecker, Laurence S. Fink, 2005): Effective management training and consequences of ineffective training programs. Design/methodology/approach – Seasoned managers (278) working in rapidly changing organizations were surveyed on issues related to management training. Findings – Content analyses revealed a number of specific benefits associated with management training. Conversely, managers identified a series of problems caused by ineffective management training. (Ching-Yaw Chen, Phyra Sok, Keomony Sok, 2007): Purpose – A previous study found that the quality of education in Cambodia is poor compared to other developing countries. However, the working performance of commercial banks in Cambodia is high. It was speculated that effective training was the main factor underlying this contradiction. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to explore the elements of training conducted by commercial banks in Cambodia and to examine their relationship with training effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – The research focuses on six factors: training needs assessment; training program; flexibility of training; self-efficacy; social support; and transfer of knowledge. The data came in the form of questionnaires and desk research.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Afghanistan essays

Afghanistan essays The King was overthrown in 1973. Muhammad Daoud took the power as President of the Afghanistan. He established an autocratic, one-party state, later had purged his government of leftists, and in the last years of his rule had sought financial support form Iran, ruled by the Shah, and Saudi Arabia in order to make Afghanistan less dependent on Soviet economic aid. On April 28, 1978, the regime of President Mohammad Daoud ended violently. Military units raided the Presidential Palace, in Kabul. Killed the president and most members of his family. All happened after the assassination of Mir Akbar Khyber, April 17, a Marxist ideologue a member of the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. (PDPA) was a Marxist-oriented party. On April 19 the party organized a mass rally and march in the honor of Khyber's funeral. Marched through the streets of Kabul and shouted anti-American slogans in front of the United States embassy. President Daoud ordered the arrest of seven top PDPA leaders. The PDPA Central committee member Hafizullah Amin was placed under house arrest shortly. He planed a coup d'etat. PDPA leaders were liberated from a government prison. The plan for the April coup, according to Amin in a press conference that it had occurred two years ahead of the PDPA's schedule for revolution. Taraki, Amin, and Karmal were the central player in the leftists' revolution of the Afghanistan. Taraki was born in 1917, was the oldest. His father was a livestock dealer and small-time smuggler. His family's described by Dupree in Nyrop (pg. 218) as semi nomadic, traveling frequently between Ghazini Province and British India. He attended a provincial elementary school and a middle school in Qandahar and was. He began to write short stories. In 1940s his stories refluxing the living condition of Afghan peasants, which approved by Soviet critics as Scientific Socialist themes. Amin was born in 1921, in Paghman, a town n...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Doctor Assited Suicide essays

Doctor Assited Suicide essays Opinion Paper- Doctor Assisted Suicide After reading the editorial that discussed the issue of doctor-assisted suicide, I have concluded that I strongly agree with the beliefs of Doctor Jack Kevorkian. Dr. Kevorkian believed in giving a suffering human being the freedom of choice, the freedom to play God with their own lives, and he just helped them carry out their lifetime decision. Although many may agree that it is inhumane to perform such tasks I believe that if any human being is suffering and is near death, and are capable of making the life ending decision, then why not give them that right. Obviously they are unhappy with their situation in life, and feel that their time is up and have suffered enough. I feel that Dr. Kevorkian is only completing a job that most people would not do, but feels that there is a need for people in the world to do it. There are also people who believe that what Dr. Kevorkian does is unacceptable, and from what I can tell, those people are the ones who they themselves have not dealt with a severe illness or disease in their family or someone even close to them. In todays society there are a number of different diseases and illnesses that people and their families deal with everyday. So after watching the one that is close to them suffer for sometime make the decision to end their suffering is in some way devastating and in some way a relief to everyone involved and without people like Dr. Kevorkian it would not be possible. In respect to civil disobedience, I believe that everyone breaks the rules for one reason or another, and for the reason that Dr. Kevorkian does, he has every right to, because in the end people are the one who seek out him to assist them in their suicide he does not go looking for people to kill for the sake of killing. ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Strategic plan and control Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic plan and control - Coursework Example Apparently, a reflection of the respective lessons entries and the related aspects of the synergized contributors allows for the visualization of the subsequent knowledge gathered throughout the entire course. The first lesson involved an introduction to the entire concept of strategic knowledge. Such was advised by the respective entities that defined the study of strategic planning and its input in the characterization of business. Apparently, the lesson remains best regarded as an introductory to the entire course work. Upon its commencement, an impression on the prospects of strategic planning was considered. I may consider the ideals of the instructors as being vested on the conceptualization of the entire topic. Additional interests were vested on placing it under timeframes, in an effort to ensure its eventual implementation. The knowledge gathered in the first lesson was critical in the shaping of the considered beliefs and the eventual development of a perception regarding the entities of the entire course (Kraten, 2010). At the termination of the first week, I had developed an insight on the entire program and the progressive models under consideration. I must admit that upon th e termination of the program, I had developed interests on the possibilities that stood to be enlisted from the entire course. The contributions annexed to the respective evaluative roles associated to the lesson of the second week played a significant role in the description of strategic planning as perceived by the corporate world. Students were engaged in the various evaluative protocols that may be annexed to a business venture, including the PESTEL model. The model was presented as an ideal approach upon which the evaluation of a venture may be aspired. However, progressive aspects such as the implication that stood to be fetched from the respective models of evaluation remains